Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms

Definition and Examples of Meronyms and Holonyms In semantics, aâ meronym is a word that signifies a constituent part or an individual from something. For instance, apple is a meronym of apple tree (here and there composed as appleapple tree). This part-to-entire relationship is called meronymy. Descriptive word: meronymous. Meronymy isn't only a solitary connection yet a heap of various part-to-entire connections. Something contrary to a meronym is a holonym-the name of the entire of which the meronym is a section. Appletree is a holonym of (apple treeapple). The entire to-part relationship is called holonymy. Descriptive word: holonymous. EtymologyFrom the Greek, part name Models and Observations [I]n one setting finger is a proper meronym of hand, and in different cases tissue is a fitting meronym of hand. Finger and tissue, notwithstanding, are not co-meronyms of hand, since various social measures (practical part versus material) are applied in each case.(M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms. Cambridge University Press, 2003)​ Kinds of Meronym Relationships At one level meronyms can be isolated into two types:â necessary and discretionary (Lyons 1977), in any case called accepted and facilitative (Cruse, 1986). A case of an important meronymy is eyeface. Having an eye is a vital state of a very much framed face, and regardless of whether it is evacuated, an eye is as yet a face part. Discretionary meronymy incorporates models like cushionchair-there are seats without pads and pads that exist autonomously of seats. (Compact Encyclopedia of Semantics, ed. by Keith Allan. Elsevier, 2009)Meronymy is a term used to depict a section entire connection between lexical things. Hence spread and page are meronyms of book. . . .Meronyms differ . . . in how important the part is to the entirety. Some are essential for typical models, for instance, nose as a meronym of face; others are common yet not required, similar to neckline as a meronym of shirt; still, others are discretionary like basement for house.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, second ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)In numerous ways, meronymy is fundamentally more confounded than hyponymy. The Wordnet databases determine three sorts of meronym relationships:(Jon Orwant, Games, Diversions, and Perl Culture. OReilly Associates, 2003) Part meronym: a tire is a piece of a carMember meronym: a vehicle is an individual from a traffic jamSubstance (stuff) meronym: a wheel is produced using rubber​ Synecdoche and Meronym/Holonymy The two commonlyâ acknowledged variations of synecdoche, part for the entire (and the other way around) and family for species (and the other way around), discover their correspondence in the phonetic ideas of meronymy/holonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy. A meronym signifies a word or other component that along with different components establishes an entirety. In this manner, bark, leaf, and branch are meronyms of the holonym tree. A hyponym, then again, signifies a word that has a place with a subset whose components are all things considered summed up by a hypernym. In this way, tree, blossom, bramble are hyponyms of the hypernym plant. A first perception to be made hereâ is that these two ideas portray connections on various levels: meronymy/holonymy depicts a relationship betweenâ elements of material objects. It is the referential article leafâ which in extralingual realityâ forms a piece of the entire tree. Hyponymy/hypernymy, by contrast,â refers to a connection between ideas. Blossoms and trees are mutually named plants. however, in extralingual reality, there is no plant that comprises of blossoms and trees. In different words, the primary relationship is extralingual, the subsequent relationship is theoretical. (Sebastian Matzner, Rethinking Metonymy: Literary Theory and Poetic Practice From Pindar to Jakobson. Oxford University Press,â 2016)